Postoperative pulmonary complications are common and a major cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality
Postoperative pulmonary complications are common and a major cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality
INTERVENTION
Inspiratory muscle training using an inspiratory threshold loading device for two to four weeks before abdominal or cardiac surgery.
INDICATION
Patients undergoing abdominal or cardiac surgery, with the aim of preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. Clinically significant complications include atelectasis, infection (e.g. bronchitis, pneumonia), prolonged mechanical ventilation and respiratory failure, exacerbation of underlying chronic lung disease, and bronchospasm.
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training reduces the incidence of postoperative pneumonia (number needed to treat approximately 4) and atelectasis (risk ratio 0.53; 95% CI 0.34–0.82).
It also reduces the length of hospital stay by about one day (MD –1.33; 95% CI –2.53 to –0.13).
The benefits from general aerobic fitness training are at this stage unclear.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
History of spontaneous pneumothorax or unstable asthma.
PRECAUTIONS
Some studies excluded patients with prior stroke or cardiovascular instability as safety in these groups has not been established.
AVAILABILITY
Inspiratory muscle training requires patients to purchase a hand-held training device that imposes a resistance to inhalation.
Several commercial products are available such as VacuMed Threshold Inspiratory Muscle Trainer, Philips Pflex breathing trainer[J1] , Respifit S, Powerbreathe, Ultrabreathe, and Aerosure Medic.
These range in cost from about $25 to more than $900 depending on the complexity and functionality of the device.
DESCRIPTION
Respiratory muscles respond to training in the same way as skeletal muscles – by undergoing structural and functional adaptation to stimuli/stress.
High-intensity training at 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), seems to work better than a lower intensity at 30% of MIP, although there is also evidence of benefit at the lower intensity.
Trial patients performed three supervised training sessions per week, each consisting of six cycles of six inspiratory manoeuvres on an inspiratory threshold loading device. Resting time between cycles was progressively reduced from 60 to 45, 30, 15 and 5 seconds.
MIP was measured weekly to adjust intensity adequately. Initial intensity was 60% of MIP and was increased to 80% during the first week. In consecutive sessions, training intensity was 80% of MIP.
TIPS AND CHALLENGES
Inspiratory muscle training devices are available for athletes as well as for medical purposes. The difference is the maximum threshold pressure of the device.
In the surgical research samples it is rare for a participant to have maximal inspiratory pressure above 60cm of water, so a light resistance device is generally best. For example, the Powerbreathe Classic low-resistance device can be set from 10cm to 90cm of water.
The medium resistance device goes to 170cm of water with fewer fine gradations, so is less suitable.
A number of factors increase the risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications and may help select patients for inspiratory muscle training.
Risk factors include:
• age >65 years
• surgery lasting >3 hours
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• poor general health status
• heart failure
• functional dependence
• smoking
Other preoperative strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications include smoking cessation and improving asthma control.
A video demonstrating the procedure for instructing a patient on the use of an inspiratory muscle trainer can be found at: youtube.com/watch?v=XlTr1VclADs
Grading: NHMRC level I evidence.
References:
1. Hulzebos EH, Helders PJ, FaviéNJ, De Bie RA, Brutel de la Riviere A, Van Meeteren NL. Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006;296(15):1851.
2. Katsura M, Kuriyama A, Takeshima T, Fukuhara S, Furukawa TA. Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(10):CD010356. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010356.pub2.
3. van Adrichem EJ, Meulenbroek RL, Plukker JT, Groen H, van Weert E. Comparison of two preoperative inspiratory muscle training programs to prevent pulmonary complications in patients undergoing esophagectomy: A randomised controlled pilot study. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:2353.
© The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Originally published February 2017 in the RACGP’s Handbook of Non-Drug Interventions
