Prescriptions for domperidone to help new mums increase their breastmilk supply are on the rise.
In the past decade or so, prescriptions for domperidone have doubled, particularly in high-income countries such as Australia, Canada and the UK.1-3
In a survey of 1876 breastfeeding Australian women, 19% used domperidone at some time, and use was more likely in mothers of first-borns.4 A multi-country study of 1990 women found that most of these women stay on domperidone for between one and six months, a third for longer than six months.5
Dopamine, which also causes feelings of reward and pleasure, is one of multiple factors that downregulate prolactin production. It’s believed that domperidone binds with dopamine D2 receptors in the anterior pituitary, blocking dopamine so that prolactin secretion increases.
How safe is domperidone?
Numerous studies provide reassuring evidence of domperidone’s safety in breastfeeding women.
But domperidone should be avoided or used with extreme caution in breastfeeding women with established risk factors for QTc prolongation. This includes a patient who:
- Has a personal or family history of cardiac arrhythmia
- Has a family history of unexplained sudden death
- Takes medications that inhibit metabolism of domperidone, or
- Takes medications that prolong the QTc interval. This list includes erythromycin as well as fluconazole, which is often inappropriately prescribed over long periods for breastfeeding women with lactation-related nipple pain.6
Do SSRIs increase the risk of QTc interval prolongation? Citalopram and escitalopram may, but sertraline doesn’t.7 In short, domperidone is not contraindicated for a mother taking sertraline.
But does domperidone increase breast milk volume?
A 2021 systematic review of 16 randomised controlled trials concluded that for mothers of preterm babies with low milk supply, domperidone increased daily milk volumes by 90ml on average, without significant side effects.
The longest clinical trial lasted 28 days, and the evaluations were mostly conducted over a 7-14-day period.8 There are inadequate data to show whether or not these increased volumes improve breastfeeding duration or infant weight gain.
Nevertheless, domperidone prescription is best practice in the care of mothers of preterm infants who plan to breastfeed. The breast requires high levels of prolactin to mature into lactation, and a preterm baby is generally born before this biological process has been completed. For most mothers of preterm babies, the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks.
That same systematic review concluded there wasn’t enough evidence to support the use of domperidone in mothers of term babies.8
Another 2020 systematic review agrees,9 as do the 2018 Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine guidelines.10 The only two relevant studies have been methodologically weak, conducted in the days immediately after birth, and of only one or four days’ duration.11, 12
From 30-40 hours after the birth, milk synthesis is predominantly under the control of the frequency and efficiency of milk removal.
Full milk production is reached by two weeks after the birth, and in pairs who are successfully breastfeeding, maternal milk volume is pretty much stable from when the baby is one month to six months of age.
The daily volume is consistent for each mother-baby pair, but highly variable between pairs, ranging from 490-1100ml in a 24-hour period.
The amount of milk transferred in each feed is also highly variable in successfully breastfeeding women. Prolactin levels decline throughout the course of lactation, and do not correlate with milk volume or rate of synthesis.
It seems unlikely that the mother of a term baby will increase her supply with domperidone use by 90ml/day, as occurs for the mother of a preterm baby, given that prolactin is not driving milk production after the first few days post-birth.
Even if maternal supply was to increase by 90ml/day, the extra five or so millilitres each breast per feed over a 24-hour period may be equivalent to some milk dribbling out of the baby’s mouth or a small puke or a letdown in the mother’s bra.
The calibration of milk supply to the baby’s need is a complex adaptive system, characterised by buffering and by protective feedback loops.
Plasma prolactin levels do not correlate with milk volume or rate of synthesis in mothers of term infants
Plasma prolactin levels are about 10ng/ml in non-pregnant women. This increases during pregnancy, preparing the breast for milk production and peaking at more than 200ng/ml at the time of the birth.
But milk synthesis is inhibited antenatally by high levels of progesterone. With the birth, both progesterone and prolactin levels drop suddenly. Elevation of baseline prolactin levels remain necessary for milk production.
Prolactin levels rise in a pulse after nipple stimulation and suckling. But baseline and peak levels are highly variable between women and do not correlate with a woman’s milk volumes or rate of milk synthesis.
In the first 10-90 days, baseline prolactin levels are in the range of 60-110ng/ml; between 3-6 months 50-100ng/ml; and beyond six months, at 30-40ng/ml. Women with low supply don’t usually have low prolactin levels. In the light of this information, it seems unlikely that increasing a mother’s prolactin levels will affect her milk volumes, let alone impact in a way that improves breastfeeding outcomes.
What do mothers who are breastfeeding term babies say about domperidone use?
Two qualitative studies (n = 22, n = 15) of Australian breastfeeding mothers confirm what I’ve often heard women say over the years in the clinic.13, 14 These women are not looking for a panacea or “magic remedy” but make the strategic decision to use galactagogues alongside various other strategies for increasing supply. They do this and are willing to risk side effects because breastfeeding their baby is very important to them.
The studies suggest that women turn to domperidone in large numbers because our health system is unable to effectively deliver accurate information and effective clinical support for lactating women.13, 14 They found that breastfeeding women:
- Receive large amounts of conflicting and confusing advice about supply concerns
- Feel dismissed by their health professional when raising supply concerns
- Are stressed about low-supply concerns
- Feel an urgent need for something that will help
- Feel more in control of supply when using domperidone
- Believe domperidone produces quick results, anticipating high volumes and steady increases
- Are afraid to stop domperidone because they feel this would risk their supply
- Use domperidone for long periods and self-adjust dosages
- Have not been informed about the need to taper off.13, 14
What are the side-effects of domperidone?
As health professionals, we have a tendency to over-estimate the benefits of a pharmaceutical intervention, and to underestimate side effects.15, 16
Case reports have suggested we need to taper the cessation of domperidone because of the risk of side effects with sudden withdrawal.17-19
The Shen et al 2021 systematic review found no differences in side effects between domperidone and placebo. But a 2020 online survey of 355 breastfeeding Australians who’d taken domperidone found that 45% reported a side effect, and 23% reported two or more side effects. In fact, 9% of women stopped taking domperidone because of side effects. These side effects included weight gain (25%), headache (17%), fatigue (9%), irritability (6%), and depression (6%). Since there is little evidence of benefit, it is difficult to justify exposing women to the risk of these side effects during matrescence, when there is already a biological predisposition to fatigue, hypervigilance and worried thoughts4.
Personally, I am reluctant to prescribe domperidone for a woman who is on sertraline. I prescribe domperidone when asked by other breastfeeding women at times, taking the relevant precautions. It will take one or two weeks for domperidone to take effect, if it is going to be effective at all, and in the meantime there are many other steps that can be taken to address supply concerns!
I agree with Zizo et al, who write:
“If women are allowed to have unrealistic expectations about domperidone use, this has possible negative impacts on maternal agency, confidence, anxiety and self-efficacy, with negative psychological sequelae.”14
Dr Pamela Douglas is an Australian GP, writer and researcher, with special interest in perinatal mental health and breastfeeding medicine. Over the past 20, she has published the evidence-base to the program known as Neuroprotective Developmental Care (NDC), which helps families who face breastfeeding, baby sleep and cry-fuss challenges.
References
1. Grzeskowiak LE, Dalton JA, Fielder AL. Factors associated with domperidone use as a galactogogue at an Australian tertiary teaching hospital. Journal of Human Lactation. 2015;31(2):249-253.
2. Smolina K, Morgan SG, Hanley GE, Oberlander TF, Mintzes B. CMAJ Open. 4. 2016;1(e13-19).
3. Mehrabadi A, Reynier P, Platt RW, Fillion KB. Domperidone for insufficient lactation in England 2002-2015: a drug utilization study with interrupted time series analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(12):1316-1324.
4. McBride GM, Stevenson R, Zizzo G, Rumbold AR, Amir LH, Keir AK, et al. Use and experience of galactogogues while breastfeeding among Australian women. Plos One. 2021;16(7):e0254049.
5. Hale TW, Kendall-Tackett K, Cong Z. Domperidone versus Metocloopramide: self-reported side effects in a large sample of breastfeeding mothers. Clinical Lactation. 2018;9(1).
6. Douglas PS. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nipple and breast candidiasis: a review of the relationship between the diagnosis of mammary candidiasis and Candida albicans in breastfeeding women. Women’s Health. 2021;17:DOI: 10.1177/17455065211031480.
7. Park S-I, An H, Kim A, Jang I-J. An analysis of QTc prolongation with atypical antipsychotic medications and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors using a large ECG record database. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2016;15(8):1013-1019.
8. Shen Q, Khan KS, Du M-C, Du W-W, Ouyang Y-Q. Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide in breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2021:doi: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0360.
9. Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, Marasco LA, Ho JJ, Ong JH. Oral galactogogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020(5):Art. N.:CD011505.
10. Brodribb W, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: use of galactagogues in initating or augmenting maternal milk production. 2018.
11. Jantarasaengaram S, Sreewapa P. Effects of domperidone on augmentation of lactation folowing cesarean delivery at full term. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2012;116:240-243.
12. Inam I, Hasmi AB, Shahid A. A comparison of efficacy of domperidone and placebo among postnatal women with inadequate breast milk production. Pak J Med Health Sc. 2013;7:314-316.
13. Zizzo G, Amir LH, Moore V, Grzeskowiak LE, Rumbold AR. The risk-risk trade-offs: understanding factors that influence women’s decision to use substances to boost breast milk supply. Plos One. 2021;16(5):e0249599.
14. Zizzo G, Rumbold AR, Grzeskowiak LE. ‘Fear of stopping’ vs ‘wanting to get off the medication’: exploring women’s experiences of using domperidone as a galactagogue – a qualitative study. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2021;16:92.
15. Hoffman T, Del Mar C. Patients’ expectations of the benefits and harms of treatments, screening and tests – a systematic review. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2015;175(2):274-286.
16. Hoffman T, Del Mar C. Clinicians’ expectations of the benefits and harms of treatments, screening, and tests – a systematic review. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2017;177(3):407-419.
17. Seeman P. Yes, breast is best, but taper domperidone when stopping. British Journal of General Practice. 2014.
18. Papastergiou J, Abdallah M, Tran A. Domperidone withdrawl in a breastfeeding woman. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2013;146:210-212.
19. Doyle M, Grossman M. Case report: domperidone use as a galactagogue resulting in withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. Archives of Womens Mental Health. 2018;21(4):461-463.
